Firearms and ammunition identification produces important information for the elucidation of the crime and also in cases of confirmation of the offender. In a crime scene, when a suspect weapon and its ammunition are found, it is possible to clarify and conclude an investigation using qualitative analysis and standards. However, in some cases only the fragments of ammunition are found, which makes difficult to identify the weapon using traditional techniques. Therefore, alternative methods are needed such as the determination of elemental composition of the lead alloy and the verification of the lead isotopic ratios. The present work includes a review of the basic concepts of ballistics and conventional techniques of ballistic confrontation, the existing studies related to the chemical analysis of ballistic fragments and its application in criminalistics and, finally, the articles involving the lead isotopic analysis as a tool for ballistic identification.

Unexpectedly high uranium concentrations, up to 930 µg L-1, approximately thirty times higher than the World Health Organization (WHO) guidance level, were observed in groundwater samples from the mountainous region near Rio de Janeiro City, the so-called “Região Serrana”, approximately 60 km from the city. This region is characterized by a large number of tourist activities and water-related industries, such as mineral water and breweries that can be impacted by these findings. In addition, the water supplies in small communities of this region are partially or entirely based on groundwater sources. Uranium contamination was observed in 7 of the 16 counties in this region. Based on these data, this study concluded that the probability of obtaining uranium-contaminated groundwater is high in some specific areas of this region. In addition, high 222Rn concentrations were verified, with levels reaching 1570 Bq L-1. Furthermore, a maximum level of 4.6 Bq L-1 210Pb was also measured, which has a WHO guidance level of 0.1 Bq L-1. Based on the present findings, it is suggested that any artesian well deeper than 80 m in this region should be tested for uranium and 222Rn.

For the first time, the isotope ratio of lead is reported in Brazilian red wines. The lead concentration and the ratios of 204Pb/206Pb, 207Pb/206Pb and 208Pb/206Pb were determined in 94 red wines produced in Campanha Gaúcha, Serra Gaúcha, Vale dos Vinhedos in Southern Brazil and Vale do São Francisco in Northeastern Brazil. The values observed for the isotopic ratios were consistent with those reported in the literature for wines of South America. The lead isotopic ratios showed no statistically significant differences among the vineyards of the Southern region; on the other hand, the vineyard from the Northeastern region showed large variations in its ratios. The 204Pb/206Pb ratio data demonstrated that the wines of the Southern region have radiogenic features, whereas the wines of the Northeastern region ranged from slightly to very radiogenic. These results indicated that the lead concentrations in the wines from these Brazilian regions are influenced both by agricultural practices and by natural occurrences. Isotope ratios allowed for differentiation among the wines produced in these two important wine producing areas in Brazil and are emerging as a promising tool in the study of the geographical origin of Brazilian wines.

Ethanol is a biofuel produced in Brazil through fermentation of sugarcane, requiring vast plantation areas and water availability. The present work aimed at testing isotopic markers as tools for ethanol source appointment or certification of origin. For this, oxygen and hydrogen isotopic patterns were determined in plant-water, soil-water, rainwater, and water from reservoirs and some rivers in four sugarcane crop areas. The isotopic fingerprint of carbon and hydrogen in ethanol produced in the respective mills was also determined. Samples were collected in 2011 and 2012 in crop areas of the state of Amazonas (North), Mato Grosso (Center-West), São Paulo (Southeast) and Rio Grande do Sul (South). The substantial and complex influence of the hydrological cycle on the ethanol δD and the small δ13C variations constrain the use of isotopes for the intended objectives.

Material particulado atmosférico (PM) é um poluente composto por diversos metais, que quando acumulados no sistema respiratório, podem causar sérios problemas de saúde. Os métodos IO-3.1 (extração de metais em PM) e IO-3.4 [determinação de metais por espectrometria de emissão atômica por plasma acoplado indutivamente (ICP-OES)] são os recomendados pela Agência de Proteção Ambiental dos Estados Unidos. Com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho do método desenvolvido em nosso laboratório para extração de metais em PM utilizando HNO3 p.a. bidestilado e determinação por ICP-OES de Al, Ca, Cd, Cu, Cr, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Ti, V e Zn, a validação foi executada de acordo com os critérios estabelecidos pelo INMETRO, determinando parâmetros: seletividade, linearidade, precisão, exatidão, robustez, limites de detecção e quantificação, assim como a comparação da eficiência e precisão com o método IO-3.1. Resultados mostraram que o nosso método atendeu todos critérios de validação estabelecidos pelo INMETRO. Além disso, mostrou-se ser equivalente ao método IO-3.1.

Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) is a pollutant composed by various metals, that when accumulated in the respiratory system may cause serious health problems. Methods IO-3.1 (metal extraction in PM) and IO-3.4 [metal determination by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES)] are the recommended by the United State Environmental Protection Agency. With the intent to evaluate the performance of the method developed in our laboratory for the extraction of metal in PM with HNO3 p.a. bidistilled and determination by ICP-OES of Al, Ca, Cd, Cu, Cr, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Ti, V and Zn, validation was executed according to the criteria established by the INMETRO determining the parameters: selectivity, linearity, precision, accuracy, robustness, limits of detection and quantification, as well as the comparison of the efficiency and precision with IO-3.1 method. The results show that our method meets all validation criteria established by the INMETRO; furthermore, it shows to be equivalent to IO-3.1 method.

Os processos de deposição e preservação de matéria orgânica (OM) em sedimentos da Baía de Ilha Grande, sudoeste Atlântico, foram avaliados através de análise elementar (C e N) e de marcadores moleculares (esteróis e n-alcoois). Foram analisadas amostras de quatro testemunhos datados, representando diferentes níveis e tipos de influência antrópica. A concentração total de esteróis variou de 71 a 9.320 ng g-1, com predomínio de 24-etil-colesta-5,22-dien-3β-ol, 24-etil-colest-5-en-3β-ol e 24-etil-5a-colest-3β-ol. Entre os n-alcoóis, com concentrações totais entre 130 a 15.407 ng g-1, houve predomínio de compostos de cadeia longa (> C22). A confirmação da origem terrestre ou marinha dos marcadores moleculares selecionados foi realizada por análise de componentes principais (PCA). A PCA revelou, ainda, tendência e eventos que influenciaram o acúmulo de OM nas últimas décadas, como o aumento na ocupação humana na região e a remoção de uma floresta de manguezal ocorrida entre 1940 e 1960. A ausência ou baixa contaminação fecal foi revelada através do esterol coprostanol e índices associados.

The deposition processes and preservation of organic matter (OM) in the sediments of Ilha Grande Bay, SW Atlantic, were evaluated based on elemental composition (C and N) and molecular markers (sterols and n-alcohols). Samples from four dated sediment cores, representing distinct levels and type of human influence, were analyzed. The concentration of total sterols ranged from 71 to 9,320 ng g-1, with 24-ethyl-cholesta-5,22-dien-3β-ol, 24-ethyl-cholesta-5-en-3β-ol and 24-ethyl-5a-cholesta-3β-ol as the most abundant compounds. The n-alcohols, with a total concentration between 130 and 15,407 ng g-1, were dominated by long-chain compounds (> C22). Assignments of the selected markers to terrestrial or marine sources were evaluated using principal component analysis (PCA). The trends and events that influenced the OM accumulation in the last decades were also revealed by the PCA, as the increasing human settlement in the region and the removal of a mangrove forest occurred between 1940 and 1960. The absence or low level of sewage contamination was indicated by the sterol coprostanol and associated indexes.

O histórico de acumulação em sedimentos de produtos de combustão produzidos na área metropolitana ao redor da Baía de Guanabara foi avaliado através de black carbon (BC) e hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPA) como indicadores. A concentração de BC variou de 0,23-0,51%, com uma tendência crescente de acúmulo de massa ao longo dos últimos 118 anos, mas a proporção BC/carbono orgânico caiu nos últimos 30 anos, possivelmete reflexo de eutrofização. Observaram-se as maiores concentrações de HPAs pirolíticos nos períodos entre 1925 e 1976, condizendo com o período subsequente de desmatamento, urbanização e industrialização que ocorreu na bacia da Guanabara. Estes HPAs foram melhor caracterizados pelo índice diagnóstico BFl/(BFl+BePy). Os dados obtidos permitiram caracterizar os principais eventos que influenciaram o padrão dos produtos de combustão: queima de biomassa e de derivados de petróleo, a crise econômica nos anos 1970 e 1990 e a entrada de etanol na matriz energética brasileira.

The accumulation history of combustion products from the metropolitan area around Guanabara Bay was evaluated using black carbon and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as indicators. BC concentration varied between 0.23 and 0.51%, with an increasing mass accumulation tendency over the last 118 years, whereas a decrease in the values of the ratio BC/organic carbon was observed in the upper sediment layers, probably reflecting the enhancement of bay's eutrophication process in the last 30 years. Higher concentrations of pyrolytic PAH were observed between 1925 and 1976, being consistent with the subsequent deforestation, urbanization, and industrialization that occurred in the Guanabara basin in the period. These PAHs were best characterized by the BFl/(BFl+BePy) diagnostic ratio. The data obtained allowed the characterization of the main events that influenced the combustion patterns in the region: burning of biomass and fossil fuel, economic crisis of 1970 and 1990 and the introduction of ethanol in the Brazilian energetic matrix.

Este artigo revisa a utilidade, limitações, importância e implicações para o gerenciamento costeiro das medições de radionuclídeos em ambientes costeiros do Brasil. O artigo enfoca o uso de radioisótopos como traçadores de processos sedimentares e descarga de água subterrânea na zona costeira. Também, é apresentada uma discussão sobre contaminação por radionuclídeos e áreas de alta radioatividade natural. A interpretação de taxas de sedimentação baseadas em 14C, 137Cs e 210Pb demonstra que o uso inadequado do solo por atividades agrícolas e urbanas intensificou os processos de erosão no continente, o que é refletido em ambientes deposicionais, como lagoas costeiras, estuários e manguezais. Existem apenas dois estudos de caso sobre o uso de isótopos como traçadores de água subterrânea no Brasil demonstrando que águas subterrâneas podem ser uma importante fonte de nutrientes e outras substâncias dissolvidas para o oceano. Uma melhor avaliação dos fluxos de água subterrânea para o mar parece ser uma das maiores prioridades científicas atuais na área de radioatividade ambiental. Os níveis de base de 137Cs, 90Sr, 239+240Pu, e 238Pu na água do mar, peixes, e sedimentos brasileiros são, em geral, bastante baixos. Portanto, apesar dos problemas de contaminação no hemisfério norte, a poluição por radionuclídeos artificiais ainda é desprezível no Brasil. Indústrias de fertilizantes fosfatados e refinarias de petróleo parecem ser as principais atividades econômicas produzindo rejeitos contendo materiais radioativos. Embora algumas investigações tenham determinado o efeito radiológico dessas atividades, suas ameaças potenciais demonstram a necessidade do controle de emissões. Este artigo demonstra que o número de investigações na área de radioatividade ambiental ainda é muito reduzido no Brasil e que pesquisas adicionais são necessárias para um melhor entendimento de processos de alto interesse para o gerenciamento ambiental. Nos próximos anos, é provável que os estudos sobre radioatividade ambiental no Brasil sejam focados em processos ambientais, em detrimento à abordagens descritivas de qualidade ambiental.

We review the usefulness, limitations, significance, and coastal management implications of radionuclide measurements in Brazilian coastal environments. We focus on the use of radionuclides as tracers of sedimentary processes and submarine groundwater discharge (SGD). We also discuss artificial radionuclide contamination and high natural radioactivity areas. The interpretation of 14C-, 137Cs-, and 210Pb-derived sedimentation rates has provided evidence that inappropriate soil use by urban and agricultural activities has intensified erosion processes on land, which is reflected in depositional environments, such as coastal lagoons, estuaries and mangroves. Of the processes discussed in this paper, SGD is the one that requires the most scientific effort in the short-term. There have been only two case studies using 222Rn and radium isotopes as groundwater tracers in Brazil. These investigations showed that SGD can be a major source of nutrients and other dissolved species to the coastal ocean. Baseline 137Cs, 90Sr, 239+240Pu, and 238Pu concentrations in seawater from the whole Brazilian coastal zone are very low. Therefore, in spite of contamination problems in many ecosystems in the northern hemisphere, artificial radionuclide pollution appears to be negligible along the Brazilian coast. Phosphate fertilizer industries and petroleum processing facilities are the main economic activities producing Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (TENORM). Even though a few attempts have been made to assess the radiological effects of these activities, their potential threats indicate a need for the radiological control of their wastes. This review showed that the number of studies within the field of environmental radioactivity is still small in Brazil and much more research is needed to understand processes of high interest for environmental managers. In the near future, it is likely that such studies in Brazil will move from descriptive, environmental quality-based assessments to approaches that attempt to quantify chemical, physical, and biological processes in the environment.

A Baía de Guanabara no Rio de Janeiro tem sofrido profundas alterações ambientais. O aumento da concentração de metais-traço em seus sedimentos está entre as alterações mais relevantes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a contaminação por metais-traço e avaliar a disponibilidade em sedimentos de áreas de manguezais (Surui, Nova Orleans e Piedade). Concentrações de Cd, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cu e Al foram determinadas em segmentos de testemunhos após tratamento com 1 mol L-1 de HCl e com HNO3. Fe e Mn foram determinados na lixívia de HNO3 concentrado. As concentrações foram baixas em comparação com aquelas reportadas para a Baía de Guanabara e o Cd mostrou a mais alta recuperação em 1 mol L-1 HCl (90%). Apesar de oxidados ou subóxicos os sedimentos mostraram SAV na faixa de 0,07 to 18,79 mmol g-1 sugerindo heterogeneidade e desequilíbrio aparente. Óxidos de Fe, Mn, carbonatos e matéria orgânica são as fases que mais provavelmente controlam a biodisponibilidade dos metais.

The Guanabara Bay in Rio de Janeiro has undergone profound alterations of its natural environmental conditions. Metal concentration increase in sediments has been reported to be among these alterations. Trace-metal contamination and availability were studied in sediments of 3 mangrove areas of the bay. Cd, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cu and Al concentrations were determined in segments of sediment cores, after treatment with 1 mol L-1 HCl and with concentrated HNO3. Fe and Mn were determined in the leach with HNO3. Concentrations were low in comparison to those reported for Guanabara Bay and Cd showed up to 90% recovery in the HCl extract. Sediments found to be oxic to suboxic showed AVS concentrations in range of 0.07 (bottom) to 18.79 mmol g-1(sub-surface) indicating heterogeneity and apparent disequilibrium. Fe and Mn oxides, carbonates and organic matter may be the most important phases controlling metal availability and distribution.

A hiper-homocisteinemia, resultante da deficiência na conversão da homocisteína em cistationina, constitui em fator de risco isolado para doenças vasculares. A mutação 844ins68 do gene da cistationina beta-sintetase é um fator adicional de risco para a trombose venosa profunda. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a freqüência da mutação 844ins68 do gene da cistationina beta-sintetase em pacientes com trombose venosa profunda. Foram avaliados em estudo caso-controle 95 pacientes com trombose venosa profunda, a presença da mutação 844ins68 no éxon 8 do gene da cistationina beta-sintetase. Como critério de inclusão foi adotada a presença de trombose venosa profunda confirmada pelo dúplex ou flebografia. O grupo controle constituiu-se de 95 doadores de sangue, sem história familiar prévia de trombose venosa, com sexo, grupo étnico e idades pareados aos do grupo de estudo. Foram coletados 5 mL de sangue venoso com o uso de anticoagulante EDTA de cada participante. O DNA foi extraído dos leucócitos pelo método DTAB e CTAB. A detecção da mutação do gene foi realizada por amplificação de um segmento gênico por PCR, com iniciadores que flanqueiam a região de inserção e com revelação em gel de agarose a 2%, corado com brometo de etídio, sob luz UV. O fragmento correspondente ao alelo normal contém 184 pares de base e o correspondente ao alelo mutante, 252 pares de base. O teste exato de Fisher foi utilizado na análise dos resultados. A condição heterozigota para a mutação foi encontrada em 14,73% dos pacientes e em 3,1% dos indivíduos do grupo controle (p = 0,009). A freqüência do alelo mutante mostrou diferença significativa (p = 0,01), sendo 0,074 para os pacientes versus 0,016 para o grupo controle. Não foram encontrados casos de homozigose.

Hyperhomocysteinemia, resulting from a deficiency in the conversion of homocysteine to cystathionine, constitutes an independent risk factor for vascular diseases. The 844ins68 mutation of the cystathionine-beta-synthetase gene is an additional risk factor for deep venous thrombosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of the 844ins68 mutation of the cystathionine-beta-synthetase gene in deep venous thrombosis. In a case control study, 95 patients with deep venous thrombosis were evaluated in respect to the presence of the 844ins68 mutation on exon 8 of the cystathionine-beta-synthetase gene. The inclusion criterion included the presence of deep venous thrombosis confirmed by duplex or phlebography. A control group was formed consisting of 95 blood donors, without previous history of venous thrombosis with data such as gender, age and race similar to the study group. Five milliliters of venous blood were collected in EDTA anticoagulant from all the members of both groups. The DNA was extracted from the leukocytes by te DTAB and CTAB methods. Detection of the gene mutation was made by amplification by PCR, using primers for the insertion region and observed by 2% agarose gel electrophoresis using ethidium bromide stain. The fragment corresponding to the normal allele contains 184 base pairs and the mutant allele 252 base pairs. The Fisher exact test was utilized in the analysis of the results. Heterozygote individuals for the mutation were evidenced in 14.73% of the patients and in 3.1% of the control group (p-value = 0.009). The frequency of the mutant allele demonstrated a significant difference (0.074 for the patients versus 0.016 for the control group) (p-value = 0.01). No homozygotic individuals were found.

O Complexo Termelétrico Jorge Lacerda (CTJL), localizado no Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil, é o maior complexo termelétrico a carvão da América Latina e consiste de sete unidades com uma capacidade total de 832 MWe. De modo a estimar a contribuição das emissões atmosféricas oriundas do CTJL, para a composição elementar de solos superficiais em sua circunvizinhança, quarenta e cinco amostras foram coletadas até uma distância de 8 km. Quarenta e dois elementos foram determinados por ICP-MS e ICP-AES após digestão ácida total. A técnica de análise de componentes principais foi empregada na identificação das fontes de maior significado para a composição do solo superficial. Adicionalmente, foi empregada a técnica de componentes principais absolutos visando a quantificação da contribuição das fontes identificadas na composição química do solo. Baseados nos resultados obtidos, quatro fontes foram identificadas como as principais para a composição elementar do solo superficial. Uma delas foi relacionada com o CTJL, pois continha os elementos voláteis enriquecidos nas cinzas volantes emitidas através das chaminés co compexo.

The Thermoelectric Complex Jorge Lacerda (TCJL), located in the Santa Catarina State, Brazil, is the largest coal burning thermoelectric complex of Latin America and consists of seven power plants with a total capacity of 832 MWe. In order to estimate the contribution of the atmospheric releases from the TCJL to the elemental composition of surface soils around it, forty-five samples were collected at up to a distance of 8 km. Forty-two elements were determined by ICP-MS and ICP-AES after total acid dissolution. The technique of principal component analysis was employed to identify the major sources that contribute to surface soil composition. Additionally, a source apportioning using multiple regression on absolute principal component scores was performed in order to obtain quantitative information about the contribution of the different identified sources on the soil composition. Based on the results obtained, four sources were identified as the main contributors to the surface soil elemental composition. One of them was related to TCJL because it retains volatile elements enriched on fly ash and released from powerhouse stacks.

Nasal haemorrhage or nosebleed, is the most common of haemorrhages due to the intense vasculization of the nose, the fragility of the nasal mucous membrane and its vulnerability to traumas and irritant agents. The aim of this study is to report on a reduction of episodes of nosebleed in two patients with the use of amnophtone. A 34-year-old male patient and a 44- year-old female patient presented with histories of two or more nosebleeds per week, despite treatment during the acute phase. They both sought medical assistance for other vascular complaints, which were suggestive of vascular insufficiency as, during the physical examination petechia lesions in the lower limbs were detected. They were treated with 75 mg of amnaphtone three times daily. One week after, at the follow-up, they reported an improvement of the vascular symptoms, however, more markedly was the significant improvement in relation to the nosebleeds which were frequent but had not been reported in the first consultation. In conclusion, amnaphtone demonstrated to be efficient in the prevention of recurrence of nosebleed in these patients.

A oxigenação extracorpórea por membrana é uma técnica de suporte cardiopulmonar prolongado, com finalidade de auxiliar o pulmão e/ou o coração, quando os mesmos entram em falência não responsiva aos tratamentos convencionais não invasivos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar as alterações hematimétricas durante 12 horas de ECMO em estudo animal. Foram estudados 11 ovinos, da raça Santa Inês, sendo seis machos e cinco fêmeas, com peso entre 5,4 e 15kg (12,2 ± 3,1kg). Nos cinco primeiros animais, o prime do circuito extracorpóreo foi feito com solução de Ringer com lactato de sódio (Ringer-Lactato Glicolabor - Ribeirão Preto - SP) e solução de gelatina a 3,5% (Hisocel - Campinas - SP), na proporção de 2:1, no total de 750ml. No sexto animal foi diminuído o volume do prime para 450ml, sendo 250ml de solução de Ringer com lactato de sódio e 200ml de solução de gelatina a 3,5%. Nos cinco últimos experimentos (casos 7 a 11), empregou-se 250ml de sangue fresco total anticoagulado com citrato de sódio e 200ml de Ringer com lactato de sódio. Os exames realizados foram: hematócrito, hemoglobina, leucócitos, plaquetas, albumina e globulina. No estudo estatístico foram empregados os testes de Mann-Whitney e Análise da Variância e, no caso deste último demonstrar variação significativa (p<0,05), aplicou-se o teste de Tukey. Foi detectada redução em todos elementos analisados e com diferença estatística entre o grupo 1 e 2 no hematócrito e leucócitos. A oferta excessiva de volume desencadeou alterações hematimétricas em estudo experimental utilizando a ECMO em carneiro.

Extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation is a technique of prolonged cardiopulmonary support, with the objective of assisting the lungs and/or heart when they start to fail and do not respond to conventional non-invasive treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate hematological alterations during 12 hours of extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation in animals. Eleven sheep, six males and five females, of the Santa Inês breed with weights ranging from 5.4 to 15kg (12.2±3.1kg) were studied. With the first five animals, Ringer solution with sodium lactate (Ringer - Lactato Glicolabor - Ribeirão Preto - SP) and a 3.5% gelatine solution (Hisocel - Campinas -SP) were used to prime the extra-corporeal circuit in the proportion of 2:1 making a total of 750ml. In the sixth animal the volume of the circuit primer was reduced to 450ml, composed of 250ml of Ringer solution with sodium lactate and 200ml of 3.5% gelatine solution. In the other 5 animals 250ml of total fresh blood anticoagulated with sodium citrate and 200ml of Ringer solution with sodium lactate were employed. The blood tests performed were: hematocrit, haemoglobin, leukocytes, platelets, albumin and globulin. Mann-Whitney and variation analysis tests were used for statistical evaluation and, in the case that the variation analysis gave a significant difference (p < 0.05), the Tukey test was applied. A reduction of all the elements analysed was observed with a significant statistical difference in the values of hematocrit and leukocytes between the two groups. The hematological alterations seen in this study were exclusively due to the excessive supply of fluid volumes.